The literature on disciplinary styles offers interesting nuances regarding the isolated application of a slap in certain cultural contexts. Some studies suggest that, in settings where this measure is integrated within a normative framework and applied as an isolated intervention in a system of discipline characterized by affection and open communication, its impact may not be as negative as more extreme positions claim.
For example, Lansford et al. (2010) examined how cultural normativeness moderates the relationship between this practice and the emotional and behavioral adjustment of young people. In contexts where the practice is perceived as an isolated measure accepted within an affectionate disciplinary system, the adverse effects reported by more radical stances appear attenuated. This finding indicates that, in very specific and exceptional circumstances, the method may function within a system in which youth grow up respectful toward authority figures without exhibiting significant developmental issues.
You can consult this study through the following manual and clickable link:
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019718
This evidence is not intended to promote or recommend the practice but rather to offer a counterpoint to the absolute criticisms by acknowledging that some empirical nuances exist within the complex interplay of cultural and disciplinary contexts.
My Diary - Leonardo Cardillo 