My Diary – Leonardo Cardillo – Page 185 – My Diary

2025.05.03 – C – Dictionary Section

Cable entries: Openings or fittings in enclosures that allow secure, sealed entry of electrical cables.
Cables: Insulated conductors used to transmit electric power or signals.
- External diameters: The outer measurement of a cable, important for choosing connectors or glands.
- Type abbreviation: Standard short codes describing cable type and function.
Cage Clamp: A spring-based terminal technology allowing fast, tool-free wire connections with strong contact force.
Cam switches: Rotary switches using cams to actuate electrical contacts for control or switching purposes.
CAN (Controller Area Network): A communication protocol widely used in automation to connect devices and controllers.
Capacitive sensors: Sensors that detect objects via changes in capacitance, suitable for non-metallic materials.
Capacitor: A component that stores electrical energy and is used for filtering, compensation, and energy buffering.
- General symbol: The standardized symbol for a capacitor in schematics.
- Group compensation, use of reactors: Use of capacitor banks with inductors to correct power factor and control harmonics.
- Single, group compensation: Methods for reactive power correction using single or multiple capacitors.
Cascade control: A control strategy where one controller sets the setpoint for another, used in advanced process control.
Certificate: Official documentation certifying conformity with standards or regulatory requirements.
Changeover switch: A switch that alternates a circuit between two different power sources or paths.
Circuit diagrams contactor relays: Schematics showing how relays and contactors are interconnected.
Circuit documents:
- General: Technical documentation related to electrical circuits.
- Wiring diagram: A visual representation of the physical connections in an electrical system.
Circuit examples: Sample configurations demonstrating electrical applications.
Circuit-breaker: A device designed to interrupt current flow in case of overload or fault.
Clockwise rotation field: A three-phase motor field rotating in a clockwise direction, affecting motor rotation.
CMD (Contactor Monitoring Device): A device that monitors the operational status of contactors.
Colors:
- Of indicator lights: Standardized colors for visual signals (e.g., green = run, red = stop).
- Of pushbuttons: Defined colors indicating function or action in a control panel.
Compensated motor: A motor design adjusted to improve performance or power factor.
Conductor: A material that allows electric current to flow, usually copper or aluminum.
- General symbol: Symbol used to represent a conductor in diagrams.
Connection for overload relay 1-pole, 2-pole: Types of wiring for connecting overload protection.
Contact protection relay: A relay that protects contacts from damage due to high current or arcing.
Contact, self-monitoring: A contact with built-in diagnostics or feedback to monitor its condition.
Contactor for capacitor: A specially designed contactor that can handle capacitor inrush currents.
Contactor relays circuit diagrams: Schematics showing how relays and contactors are integrated.
Contactor relays reference letters: Designations used to identify relay contacts in diagrams.
Contactors: Electrically operated switches for controlling high-power circuits, often used in motor control.
- DC operated: Contactors designed to operate with direct current.
- DILM: A specific model range of Eaton modular contactors.
- General symbol: The standardized diagram symbol representing a contactor.
- Marking: Labeling of terminals and contact functions for clarity.
- Overview: Summary of contactor types, specifications, and applications.
Control circuit devices: Components that manage control signals rather than direct power.
Control methods: Strategies or technologies used to operate and regulate systems.
Control relay: A relay used in control logic to activate or deactivate other devices.
Current limiter: A device that restricts maximum current flow to protect equipment.
Current monitoring relays: Devices that detect and respond to overcurrent or undercurrent conditions.
Current peaks: Short bursts of high current, often seen during motor starts.
Current transformer integrated: A current transformer built into other equipment for compactness.
Cybersecurity: Protection of industrial control systems against cyber threats and unauthorized access.

2025.05.03 – B – Dictionary Section

Bimetal:
A bimetal (or bimetallic strip) is composed of two metal layers with different thermal expansion rates. When exposed to heat, the metals expand unevenly, causing the strip to bend. This physical deformation is used to mechanically open or close electrical contacts, making bimetals ideal for thermal protection.
Function: In devices like thermal overload relays, a current-induced temperature rise causes the bimetal to curve. When the deformation reaches a certain point, it triggers a trip mechanism, interrupting the current to protect equipment like motors. Once cooled, the bimetal returns to its original form.
Applications: Found in overload relays, thermostats, and circuit breakers. It works without electronics, making it cost-effective, reliable, and autonomous.
Box PC:
A compact, fanless industrial computer used in automation, process control, or data logging. It’s designed for harsh environments, with a sturdy enclosure that protects it from dust, vibration, and temperature fluctuations.
Breakdown torque:
The maximum torque a motor can deliver without stalling, measured just before it loses synchronism. It’s a key value for evaluating motor performance under heavy or sudden loads.
Bridging during starting:
A technique used to temporarily connect contacts during the start phase of a motor or system, facilitating a smoother startup by bypassing resistances or enabling short-duration parallel connections.
Busbar system:
A metallic conductor system (usually copper or aluminum bars) used for efficient power distribution within switchgear, distribution panels, and circuit assemblies. It provides modular, flexible, and safe power routing, often with pre-assembled insulation and mounting systems.
Buzzer, General symbol:
The standard schematic symbol used in electrical diagrams to represent a buzzer, a sound-emitting device that signals alarms, status changes, or process completions.
Bypass circuit:
A secondary electrical path that allows current to bypass a component or section of a system. Used during maintenance, fault conditions, or to enable continued operation during a switchover.
Bypass contacts:
Electrical contacts that engage a bypass circuit, allowing a device or load to remain energized while isolating another component. Often used in soft starters, UPS systems, or motor control centers.

2025.05.03 – A – Dictionary Section

24 V DC device supply: Power supply for devices operating on 24 volts direct current.
AC/DC sensitive: Equipment or components that can respond to both alternating and direct currents.
Accelerating torque: The torque produced to increase the speed of a rotating system.
Accessories contactors: Auxiliary components that complement main contactors in electrical systems.
Active Harmonic Filter: A device used to reduce harmonic distortion in electrical networks.
Add-on board: An additional electronic circuit board that extends the functionality of a device.
All-pole: Refers to switching or disconnecting all electrical poles simultaneously.
Anticlockwise rotation field: A rotating magnetic field that moves in the counterclockwise direction.
Arc fault protective system ARCON® 3G: A system designed to detect and interrupt arc faults for enhanced safety.
ARCON® 3G quenching device: A component that extinguishes electric arcs as part of the ARCON® 3G system.
ATEX approval: Certification indicating equipment is safe for use in explosive atmospheres (ATEX = ATmosphères EXplosibles).
- Motor-protective circuit-breakers PKE: Circuit breakers for protecting motors, compliant with ATEX standards.
- Motor-protective circuit-breakers PKZM0, PKZM4: Types of ATEX-approved breakers for motor protection.
- Overload relays: Devices that protect motors by breaking the circuit in case of overload.
- Thermistor overload relay EMT6: A relay that uses a thermistor to detect and respond to overload conditions.
ATEX-Guideline: Regulatory guideline for equipment used in explosive atmospheres.
Auxiliary contact: A secondary contact used for signaling or interlocking in a control circuit.
- Motor-protective circuit-breakers PKZ, PKE: Auxiliary contacts used specifically with these breaker models.
- Normal: Standard auxiliary contacts without special features.
Auxiliary contact module: A modular unit that adds auxiliary contacts to a device.
Auxiliary switches: Switches used to indicate or control secondary electrical functions.
- Early make: A switch that closes before the main contacts during operation.
- Trip-indicating: A switch that signals when a circuit breaker has tripped.

2025.05.02 – Dutch You Can Use – Kruidvat & Dirk Edition

A real-life Dutch lesson from real-life flyers

• Let’s start where all Dutch ads do: with the word ACTIE
✨ It means sale or deal. You’ll see it in red, bold, and everywhere.
• Zeg het zo: [ˈɑk.si]
• De actie loopt t/m zondag = The promotion lasts through Sunday
• Grammar: it’s a de-word, so say de actie

• Next, the magic word: GRATIS
✨ Yes, it means free – and you’ll love seeing it.
• Flyers say: 2+2 gratis, gratis verzending, gratis Ariel pods bij aankoop
• Zeg het zo: [ˈɣraː.tɪs]
• Vocabulary tip: bij aankoop van = with the purchase of

• Want to talk about toothpaste? Learn: tandpasta
🦷 Tand = tooth, pasta = paste.
• Flyers mention: Elmex, Aquafresh, Colgate, Oral-B
• Useful phrase: 2 voor 4,18 → Two for €4.18
• Grammar: voor here = for the price of, not for someone

• Let’s dive into self-care Dutch!
✨ Verzorging = care
• You’ll see: gezichtsverzorging, mondverzorging, babyverzorging
• Grammar tip: Dutch builds long words from small parts.
• Gezicht = face → gezichtsverzorging = facial care

• Mondwater = mouthwash
🧼 Mond = mouth, water = water
• Seen in: CB12 mondwater, Listerine Total Care
• Common deals: 1+1 gratis, 50% korting

• Wasverzachter = fabric softener
👕 Was = laundry, verzachter = softener
• Flyers: Silan 40 wasbeurten → 40 loads
• Zeg het zo: [ˈʋɑs.vɛrˌzɑx.tər]

• Let’s practice how to read a flyer sentence:
“Vlekkeloos schoon zelfs in koude & korte cyclus”
• Translation: Spotlessly clean even in cold & short cycles
• Vocabulary:

vlekkeloos = spotless
zelfs = even
cyclus = cycle
• Grammar: zelfs in + noun = even in (a context)

• Another one:
“Maak meer van je favoriete foto’s”
• Translation: Make more out of your favorite photos
• Learn the structure:

maak meer van = get more out of
je favoriete foto’s = your favorite photos
Possessive: je = your

• Ready for carnival? Learn these Dutch words:
✨ Carnavalskleding = carnival clothes
• Flyers show: scrunchies, dierenmaskers, verkleedset, glitter legging
• Zeg het zo: [ˈkɑr.naː.vɑls.ˌkleː.dɪŋ]
• Grammar: it’s all compound nouns

dier (animal) + masker → dierenmasker
verkleed (dress-up) + set → verkleedset

• How about baby care? Learn:
👶 Luiers = diapers
• Flyers say: Pampers GIGA Weken – gratis verzending!
• Other words:

wasbaar ondergoed = washable underwear
maandverband = sanitary pads
inlegkruisjes = panty liners

• Dutch ad structure tip:
Instead of full sentences, they use bare noun phrases:
• 2 voor 11.00 = 2 items for €11
• Alleen vandaag = today only
• Vanaf €0,99 = starting at €0.99
• OP = OP = while supplies last (literally: gone = gone)

• Culture note: Dutch ads love honesty and brevity
✨ Steeds verrassend, altijd voordelig = always surprising, always a deal
✨ Nergens voordeliger = nowhere cheaper
✨ Op Kruidvat kun je rekenen = You can count on Kruidvat

• Mini grammar summary:

Dutch puts adjectives before nouns (goede actie)
Possessives are short: je kaart, je foto’s
Promotions use numbers & patterns, not full sentences
Plurals often end in -s or -en: foto → foto’s, luier → luiers

You’ve learned:
• 30+ real Dutch words from flyers
• Grammar in context
• Key promo language
• Cultural expressions
• How to pronounce Dutch clearly

2025.05.02 – Learn Dutch Naturally – Action & Dirk Flyers

Supermarket flyers become your language classroom.

• Actie = promotion
🟢 Zeg het zo: [ˈɑk.si]
• You’ll see this word on almost every page
🟨 Flyers scream: ACTIE! ACTIE!
• Grammar tip: it’s a de-word → de actie

• Vanaf = starting from / from
🟡 Zeg het zo: [faˈnɑf]
• Used for time and price: vanaf maandag, vanaf €1,99
🔵 Literally: from a point onward — the moment something begins

• Op = op = while supplies last
🔴 Zeg het zo: [ɔp ɛs ɔp]
• Literally: gone is gone
🟠 You’ll see it when there’s no restock: only what’s in store
• Spanish equivalent: hasta agotar existencias

• Afwasmiddel = dish soap
🧽 Zeg het zo: [ˈɑf.ʋɑsˌmɪ.dəl]
• Compound word: af (off) + wassen (to wash) + middel (product)
🧼 Example: Dreft afwasmiddel – appel of granaatappel

• Wasmand = laundry basket
🧺 Zeg het zo: [ˈʋɑs.mɑnt]
• Found in flyers as: Curver wasmand – zwart of wit

• Wandlamp = wall lamp
🕯️ Zeg het zo: [ˈʋɑnt.lɑmp]
• Look for: Solar wandlamp – draadloos en waterbestendig
• Draadloos = wireless, waterbestendig = waterproof

• Dagcrème / Nachtcrème = day cream / night cream
✨ French-style pronunciation: [dɑx.krɛm] / [nɑxt.krɛm]
• Seen in: Cien Gold 24K anti-aging verzorging
💧 These are beauty compound words ending in -crème

• Serum = serum
🧴 Also a het-word → het serum
• Flyers say: Gebruik serum vóór dagcrème

• Sokken = socks
🧦 Singular: de sok → Plural: de sokken
• Example: 3 paar sokken voor €2,49

• Huispak = loungewear / tracksuit
🧥 Common flyer phrase: van €69,99 voor €17,99
• Expression: van… voor… shows discount (from… to…)

• Boxershort / Singlet = underwear items
👕 Flyers: Jack Parker kleding met Better Cotton Initiative

• Knuffel = plush toy / stuffed animal
🧸 Zeg het zo: [ˈknʏ.fəl]
• Example: Peppa Pig knuffel – voor maar €3,99
• Bonus: knuffelen = to cuddle

• Rugzak = backpack
🎒 Rug = back, zak = bag
• Seen in: Minnie Mouse rugzak voor kinderen

• Rubik’s Magic Star = 2-piece puzzle toy
🧩 Learn: 2-delig = two-piece, spel = game, puzzel = puzzle

• Gratis = free
🎁 Zeg het zo: [ˈɣraː.tɪs]
• Flyers say: Gratis brood bij €15 boodschappen

• Nieuw = new
🆕 Used to highlight new products
• Example: Nieuw in assortiment!

• Per stuk = per unit
⚖️ Used in: €0,99 per stuk
• Also: per kilo, per set

• Actieprijs = sale price
💶 This is actie + prijs → one compound word
• Flyers: Actieprijs €2,49 i.p.v. €3,99

• i.p.v. = instead of
✍️ Short for in plaats van
• Used to compare original and sale prices

• You’ve now learned over 20 real Dutch words
🧠 You’ve seen real grammar in context: compound nouns, price language, plurals
• You’ve practiced pronunciation with IPA symbols
📣 And you’ve decoded Dutch flyer culture: short, bold, honest language

2025.05.02 – Dutch That Teaches: Real-Life Language from Labels, Tags, and Flyers

• You don’t need a classroom to learn Dutch — just open your eyes in a Dutch store.
🛍️ Product labels, discounts, and clothing tags are full of real, teachable language.
• In this post, you’ll not only see Dutch — you’ll learn how it works.
📚 We’ll explain vocabulary, sentence structure, grammar patterns, and pronunciation from everyday Dutch text.

1. Learning Clothing Vocabulary Through Real Labels

• Let’s start with practical words you see on clothing ads and price tags.
🧦 Words like thermoshirt, herenboxers, and sweatbroek show up constantly.

• Example: “Herenboxers 2+1 gratis”

Translation: “Men’s boxer briefs – buy 2, get 1 free”
Grammar focus: Compound nouns → heren (men) + boxers (boxers)
Tip: Dutch compounds join without hyphens, and the main noun comes last.

• Example: “Thermoshirt met lange mouwen”

Translation: “Thermal shirt with long sleeves”
Grammar focus: Adjective-noun order
Rule: Adjectives always come before the noun in Dutch, like in English.

• Word form: “Zacht en comfortabel” (soft and comfortable)

These are adjectives — they often end in -e when used before a noun:
zachte trui (soft sweater), comfortabele broek (comfortable pants)
But: Use no -e after “een” with a het-word and no other modifiers:
- “een zacht vest” (a soft vest)

🧣 In every clothing ad, there’s a chance to see how Dutch builds meaning through order, endings, and combination.

2. Offers and Numbers: Grammar Behind Discounts

• Dutch stores love structure — and it shows in their math.
🧾 Discounts teach you grammar, numbers, and sentence logic all at once.

• Example: “2+1 gratis”

Translation: “Buy 2, get 1 free”
Grammar focus: Compound numbers and the word gratis (free)
Tip: Dutch uses the plus sign in ads, but reads it as:
- “Twee plus één gratis”

• Example: “2e halve prijs”

Translation: “Second item half price”
Grammar tip: “2e” = tweede (second), the ordinal number
Word order: “hal(ve)” (half) is the adjective; prijs is the noun
So: “hal(ve) prijs” = half price → the -e is added for grammar agreement

• Grammar bonus:

“3 halen, 2 betalen” → literally “take 3, pay 2”
Two verbs in infinitive — “halen” (to take), “betalen” (to pay)
Common structure in ads, and excellent for verb practice!

🛒 Every price tag is a sentence in disguise.

3. Imperatives and Real-Life Commands

• Dutch imperatives are everywhere in marketing.
📢 They give orders — and language lessons.

• Example: “Pak je voordeel!”

Translation: “Grab your deal!”
Grammar: “Pak” is the imperative form of “pakken” (to grab)
“Je” is reflexive — used here as an object (“your”)

• Other examples:

“Bestel nu” = Order now
“Profiteer snel” = Benefit quickly
“Doe mee!” = Join in!
These are short, sharp, and always verb first

🚦 Ads teach the real tone of daily Dutch — fast, friendly, and direct.

4. Adjectives, Descriptions, and Sensory Language

• Want to talk about flavor, texture, or feeling? Follow the food.
🍲 Labels and menus are full of descriptive grammar.

• Example: “Subtiele kruidigheid” (subtle spiciness)

Grammar focus: adjective → subtiel + noun kruidigheid
The -e is added because it’s used with a definite noun phrase
“De subtiele kruidigheid”

• Example: “Zacht aroma,” “rijk gevulde soep”

Tip: Dutch often uses adjective + past participle
- “gevulde” (filled), “gerookte” (smoked), “gegrilde” (grilled)
- This builds richer meaning — like “smoked salmon” = “gerookte zalm”

🌿 Want to sound fluent? Learn the flavor of adjectives.

5. Modal Verbs in Context

• Dutch modal verbs tell you what’s allowed, expected, or possible.
🧼 And guess where they show up? On product instructions.

• Example: “Mag gewassen worden op 30°C”

“May be washed at 30°C”
Verb: mogen (may) + passive structure

• Example: “Moet koel bewaard worden”

“Must be stored cool”
Verb: moeten (must) + passive participle
Grammar: modal + passive infinitive = real functional structure

🧾 Modals bring function to Dutch — and are found in small print everywhere.

6. Reflexives and Routine Phrases

• You can see reflexive pronouns on soap bottles, creams, and labels.
✋ They’re essential for everyday actions.

• Example: “Was je handen zorgvuldig”

“Wash your hands carefully”
“Je” here is reflexive — it refers to “yourself”
“Zorgvuldig” = carefully — an adverb

• Pattern:

Reflexive verb + pronoun + adverb = typical hygiene phrasing

🧴 Reflexives aren’t academic — they’re on every bathroom shelf in the Netherlands.

7. Dutch Culture in Food and Products

• Culture lives in comfort food — and in Dutch that means stamppot, rookworst, and hutspot.
🥘 These aren’t just meals — they’re language artifacts.

• Example: “Stamppot boerenkool met rookworst”

Boerenkool = kale, rookworst = smoked sausage
Stamppot = mash (potatoes + veg)
This teaches compound noun stacking: stamppot + boerenkool + rookworst

• Bonus structure:

“Gemaakt met liefde” = made with love
A great passive phrase you’ll see often on artisan products

🧡 Dutch is what you eat — and how you label it.

8. Negation and Exclusions in Small Print

• Negatives in Dutch are precise — and often hidden in disclaimers.
⚠️ That’s why flyers are perfect for practicing “geen” and “niet.”

• Examples:

“Niet op alle artikelen van toepassing” → Not valid on all items
“Geen verzendkosten” → No shipping fees

• Grammar rule:

Use “geen” to negate nouns (Geen korting = No discount)
Use “niet” for verbs/adjectives (Niet geldig = Not valid)

🛑 Tiny words, big impact — get your negatives right in Dutch.

Conclusion: Language That Sells and Teaches

• Dutch is everywhere: on jackets, juice bottles, discount tags, and deodorant cans.
🛒 Each label has a grammar rule. Each flyer hides a verb. Each discount teaches a structure.
• When you stop translating and start noticing, you start learning for real.
✨ Let the streets, shelves, and signs of the Netherlands be your classroom.

2025.05.02 – Learn Dutch Through Real-World Context: Language, Culture, and Everyday Promotions

1. Dutch Vowels and Diphthongs

• Dutch pronunciation includes sounds that don’t exist in English, like “ui”, “eu”, and “ij”.
🗣️ You see these in real products like “puur & eerlijk uien” (pure & honest onions) or “zachte huidcrème met bijenwas” (soft skin cream with beeswax).
• On a Dettol label, the word “hydraterende” reinforces adjective endings and pronunciation of “e” and “d” together.
🧼 Practicing aloud with actual product names reinforces proper vowel flow and stress.

2. Intonation and Rhythm

• Dutch often uses a falling intonation in statements and a slight rise in yes/no questions.
🌀 You hear this clearly in phrases like “Heeft u een bonuskaart?” at the checkout.
• Retail signage like “Alleen vandaag: 2+1 gratis” reflects natural emphasis on urgency and timing.
🔊 Mimicking real promotional phrases improves natural spoken rhythm.

3. Basic Vocabulary

• Words like korting (discount), gratis (free), and aanbieding (offer) are everywhere in stores like Albert Heijn, HEMA, and Kruidvat.
1️⃣ Days of the week appear on store hours: “Maandag t/m Zondag open”.
• Food labels teach nouns and numbers: “3 stuks voor €2.50” helps reinforce counting and plural forms.
☀️ Seeing real prices next to vocabulary cements it in memory.

4. Basic Grammar: SVO Structure

• Dutch follows the Subject–Verb–Object order: “Ik koop zeep” (I buy soap).
🧱 On a Kruidvat receipt: “U heeft 2 producten gekocht” (You bought 2 products), the structure is visible and real.
• Advertisements use this clearly: “Wij geven korting op alles!” (We give discounts on everything!)
🛍️ Recognizing sentence structure in everyday messages accelerates understanding.

5. Verb Conjugation: Regular and Irregular

• Regular verbs follow clear patterns: kopen → ik koop, jij koopt, hij koopt.
📝 In phrases like “Je krijgt 25% korting,” the conjugation of krijgen is contextual and functional.
• Irregular verbs like “zijn” appear in everyday speech: “Het is op voorraad” (It is in stock).
⚡ Hearing and reading these forms daily strengthens retention through real exposure.

6. Articles: “de”, “het”, “een”

• Dutch uses two definite articles: de and het, and one indefinite article: een.
📘 Packaging shows “de shampoo,” “het glijmiddel,” and “een zachte tandpasta.”
• HEMA labels often say “deze bodylotion” (this body lotion), reinforcing gendered article usage.
🧴 Absorbing article patterns through repetition on shelves speeds up recognition and accuracy.

7. Plurals and Diminutives

• Plurals often end in -en or -s: ui → uien, sok → sokken.
🐱 Seen in offers like “3 pakken sokken voor €7” (3 packs of socks for €7).
• Diminutives use endings like -je, -tje: “bloem” → “bloemetje” (little flower).
🌸 Products labeled “bloemetjesvaas” (little flower vase) demonstrate how everyday items carry these forms naturally.

8. Pronouns: Personal, Possessive, Reflexive

• Dutch personal pronouns include ik, jij, hij, zij, wij, jullie, zij.
👤 Possessives appear on packaging: “mijn keuze,” “jouw voordeel” (my choice, your benefit).
• Reflexives are seen in product instructions: “Was je handen zorgvuldig” (Wash your hands carefully).
🧼 The reflexive “je” here is a functional, everyday grammar point in action.

9. Subordinate Clauses and Word Order

• In subordinate clauses, the verb goes to the end: “Omdat ik korting krijg…”
🔄 Signs like “Wanneer je je kaart scant, krijg je extra korting” teach full-clause structure naturally.
• Real usage helps distinguish main vs. subordinate patterns through ads and app instructions.
📱 These long sentences aren’t artificial—they’re everywhere in consumer Dutch.

10. Separable and Inseparable Verbs

• Separable: aanmelden → “Ik meld me aan voor de nieuwsbrief.”
🔧 Often found in loyalty programs: “Meld je nu aan en ontvang 10% korting.”
• Inseparable: begrijpen → “Ik begrijp de aanbieding niet.” appears in customer Q&A sections.
🧠 This distinction is visible in customer service replies and app notifications—language with purpose.

11. Idiomatic Expressions

• Dutch idioms bring flavor: “Het regent pijpenstelen” = It’s raining heavily.
☔ In flyers, expressions like “Het regent kortingen!” (It’s raining discounts!) teach figurative language naturally.
• HEMA slogans like “Korting om warm van te worden” play on emotional and literal warmth.
🧣 Idiomatic structure becomes memorable when tied to products and emotion-driven language.

12. Everyday Phrases

• In stores: “Waar vind ik…?”, “Wat kost dit?”, “Heeft u een klantenkaart?”
🚆 You see these in practice: “2e halve prijs,” “Neem 3, betaal 2,” “Vraag het aan onze medewerkers.”
• “Alleen vandaag geldig” (Only valid today) or “Laat je verrassen” (Let yourself be surprised) are real-world Dutch used for urgency and engagement.
🍽️ Each phrase encountered teaches a new chunk of functional Dutch.

13. Dutch History

• The Dutch Golden Age marked exploration, art, and global trade.
⚓ Products from Indonesia, Suriname, or the Caribbean still reflect this in AH and Kruidvat.
• Labels like “sinds 1903” on Purol show historical longevity in brands.
⏳ Grammar meets history through the preposition “sinds” (since) and its real commercial use.

14. Geography of the Netherlands

• The Netherlands has 12 provinces. Cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht appear in delivery options.
🗺️ Retail flyers often mention “Geldig in alle filialen in Nederland.”
• Albert Heijn labels often list “Product van Nederlandse bodem” (Product of Dutch soil).
🌍 Geography, food origin, and identity all blend into visible Dutch.

15. Traditions and Holidays

• Sinterklaas (5 Dec), Koningsdag (27 Apr), and seasonal markets reflect cultural rhythm.
🎁 Flyers show Sinterklaas-themed wrapping paper, chocolate letters, and festive “voordeelacties.”
• HEMA’s seasonal products often include Dutch phrases like “Klaar voor Koningsdag” or “Feestelijk genieten.”
🎊 Culture and vocabulary are inseparable in festive retail Dutch.

16. Courtesy and Social Norms

• Dutch distinguishes between formal “u” and informal “jij/je.”
🙇 On receipts and signage: “Heeft u een bonuskaart?” versus “Wat krijg jij vandaag?”
• HEMA’s app uses both: “Jij krijgt korting” in push notifications and “Wilt u meer informatie?” on forms.
📲 Context teaches tone—ads, apps, and labels model sociolinguistic choice naturally.

17. Dialects and Regional Variants

• Dutch spoken in Limburg, Brabant, and Flanders varies in vocabulary and intonation.
🗣️ Retail examples include Belgian terms like “kortingsbon” instead of “voordeelvoucher.”
• Albert Heijn in southern regions might display dialect words like “stoet” (bread) or “patatten” (potatoes).
🧾 Exposure to packaging across provinces introduces variation without textbooks.

18. English and German Influence

• Dutch borrows extensively from English: “computer,” “scanner,” “emailen.”
💼 Seen across flyers: “Cashback deal,” “Beauty Sale,” “App Only.”
• Germanic structure remains: “2e halve prijs” and “3 halen, 2 betalen” reflect compound logic.
🛍️ Commercial language preserves structure while embracing modern loanwords.

19. Dutch in Popular Culture

• Music, TV, and retail all blend pop culture into common language.
🎵 HEMA gift cards feature slogans like “Voor jou” or “Echt HEMA”—short, emotive, memorable.
• Xenos’ campaigns use creative slogans: “Maak van je huis een thuis” (Make your house a home).
📺 Learning slang and slogans builds fluency that feels native, not academic.

20. Dutch Worldwide

• Dutch is spoken in Suriname, Aruba, Curaçao, and Belgium (Flanders).
✈️ Products like “tandpasta uit Suriname” or tropical juices from “Aruba” reflect global ties.
• Packaging often says “Product van Nederlandse bodem” or “Geïmporteerd uit België.”
🌎 Dutch is more than a European language—it connects continents and cultures in the real world.

Conclusion: Language Lived Through Daily Dutch

• Dutch is everywhere: on shampoo bottles, soup labels, candle tags, and discount signs.
🛒 By engaging with retail, real-world Dutch becomes visible, useful, and unforgettable.
• This blog has shown how grammar, culture, and context unite—without a classroom.
✨ Learn Dutch by living it—at home, in stores, and in every sentence you see.

2025.05.02 – Understanding Eaton Circuit-Breakers: Types, Functions, and Accessories

What Circuit-Breakers Do

A circuit-breaker stops the electrical current when needed.
⚡ It protects equipment from damage when too much current flows.
It also works when something shortens the circuit.
🛑 It breaks the flow to keep things safe.
NZM circuit-breakers manage current from 20 to 1600 amperes.
They protect people, machines, and networks.
⚙️ They detect problems and act fast.

NZM Circuit-Breakers Explained

There are four main NZM types: NZM1, NZM2, NZM3, and NZM4.
🧩 Each type handles different levels of power.
All of them protect against overloads and short circuits.
They follow rules in IEC/EN 60947 and IEC/EN 60204-1 (International Electrotechnical Commission / European Norm).
🔌 This means they are reliable and tested.
They can work as main switches in electric systems.
You can connect them to a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).
📡 They send information through Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) or other modules.
They can help avoid blackouts by cutting power when needed.
They come in compact sizes with high protection levels.
🛠️ This makes them good for many uses.

IZMX Circuit-Breakers and High Current Applications

IZMX16 and IZMX40 models are for high current.
🔥 They handle 630 A or more.
They can be locked in the OFF position to keep things safe.
They follow IEC/EN 60947 and IEC/EN 60204-1 (International Electrotechnical Commission / European Norm).
They protect systems, motors, transformers, and generators.
They have dot matrix screens to show clear data.
🖥️ The screen helps users see system status fast.
They allow flexible electronic settings.
They support contact add-ons, motors, and remote setups.
They help reduce system downtime.
🧠 They make smart maintenance easier.

Choosing an IZMX Circuit-Breaker

Rated current (In) means how much current it handles.
Temperature must match the environment.
It comes in 3-pole or 4-pole designs.
It can be fixed or removable.
You must pick the right protection function.
Maximum short-circuit current (I_cmax) is also important.

Shunt Release A (Remote Tripping Module)

A shunt release (Q1) makes the breaker open when it receives voltage.
⚡ It lets remote systems stop the breaker.
When not powered, it stays off.
A normally open contact makes the action start.
Intermittent types need auxiliary support.
⚠️ They need help to avoid overheating.
It doesn’t trip from cable breaks or low voltage.
It’s for remote control, not auto-shutdown.

Undervoltage Release (U)

An undervoltage release opens the breaker when voltage gets too low.
🔋 It keeps motors from restarting without control.
It activates only when energized.
It uses a normally closed contact.
It’s designed for continuous use.
🚫 It prevents risks when control voltage disappears.

Off-Delayed Undervoltage Release (UV)

This release adds a delay before shutting down.
⏱️ The delay prevents unnecessary stops from power flickers.
The time can go from 0.06 to 16 seconds.
It combines a delay unit (UVU) and a release module.
It’s good for systems needing steady power.

Auxiliary Contacts (HIN and HIA)

Standard HIN contacts show if the breaker is ON or OFF.
💡 They help monitor the status remotely.
They work like the main switch contacts.
They also allow interlocking between devices.
They can disconnect the shunt release too.
Trip-indicating HIA contacts show if the breaker tripped from a fault.
🚨 They react only to real trips, not manual operations.
They don’t respond when a motor opens or closes the switch.
They help monitor circuit-breakers in networks.
They signal overcurrent, short-circuit, or test conditions.

Summary

Eaton circuit-breakers protect people, systems, and equipment.
They manage electrical faults automatically.
NZM and IZMX types cover low to high current needs.
Accessories like shunt and undervoltage releases add control.
Auxiliary contacts offer system feedback and improve safety.
Together, these tools build strong and smart electric networks.
⚡ Use them in industry, buildings, and everywhere reliability matters.

2025.05.02 – Microorganisms, Workmanship, Memory and Vitamin B12: Clear Facts for Everyone

Microorganisms That Break Down Dead Bodies

Bacteria start working on a body very soon after death.
🦠 They live inside the body even before death.
Clostridium and Pseudomonas are common decomposers.
💨 They produce gases and make bodies swell.
Fungi such as Aspergillus appear later in the process.
🍄 They help break down what’s left.
Archaea create methane gas in places with no oxygen.
🔥 That gas can make pressure build up.
Actinobacteria take care of tough tissues like cartilage.
🧫 They finish what bacteria and fungi start.

Microorganisms That Break Down Metals

Some microbes eat metals and cause corrosion.
⚙️ This is called Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC).
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidizes iron and sulfur.
🔬 It creates acid as a byproduct.
Desulfovibrio bacteria reduce sulfate and make hydrogen sulfide.
💥 That gas smells like rotten eggs.
Gallionella ferruginea uses iron and forms rust.
🛠️ It often grows in wet pipes.
Leptospirillum species dissolve metal ores in acidic environments.
⛏️ They are common in mining systems.

Workmanship Standards

Workmanship Standards are clear quality rules for physical work.
📏 They define what a good product looks like.
IPC-A-610 (Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies) focuses on electronics.
💻 It explains acceptable soldering and alignment.
ISO 9001 (International Organization for Standardization 9001) applies to many industries.
📦 It sets rules for managing quality systems.
MIL-STD-2000 (Military Standard 2000) guides military soldering practices.
🔩 It expects precision and cleanliness.
Standards help reduce errors and improve inspections.
🧰 They also guide training for workers.

Memory Problems

Memory is how the brain stores and uses information.
🧠 Problems can happen at any age.
Amnesia means someone forgets big parts of their life.
🛑 It can come after a head injury or trauma.
Dementia includes many brain conditions.
⏳ Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type.
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a small memory issue.
🔍 It might get worse over time.
Depression or anxiety can make it harder to think clearly.
🌧️ Feelings affect memory.
Poor sleep and stress damage memory, too.
🛌 The brain needs rest to remember.
Alcohol and drug use can erase memories forever.
🍷 Some brain cells may never recover.
Low vitamin B12 makes people forget more often.
🥬 It also causes confusion and tiredness.

Effects of Too Much Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 (also called cobalamin) is important for the brain and blood.
🧪 But the body only uses what it needs.
Most extra B12 leaves through urine.
🚽 That’s why overdose is rare.
Very high doses may cause acne or skin rashes.
🩹 Some people get red bumps or irritation.
Some feel nausea or have diarrhea after too much.
🤢 The stomach may not like the excess.
B12 might make blood pressure go up in sensitive people.
💓 Palpitations or fast heartbeat can happen.
In rare cases, people have allergic reactions to it.
🧯 That includes swelling or trouble breathing.
Lab tests might show strange results with too much B12.
🔎 It can hide other health problems.

2025.05.02 – Circuit-breakers with Residual Current Devices and Undervoltage Releases: Complete Technical Learning Based on the Eaton Wiring Manual 10/23

What a Residual Current Device (RCD) really does

An RCD (Residual Current Device) is a protection tool that keeps people and equipment safe from electric faults.
The RCD watches the electricity entering and leaving a wire.
If some current goes missing, the RCD knows there is a problem.
This means the electricity is escaping somewhere dangerous. ⚠️
The device quickly opens the circuit, stopping the current flow.
This can save lives and prevent fires.
It works even when someone touches a live wire by mistake.
No external power is needed for the RCD to act. 🔋

What a Circuit-breaker is and why it matters

A circuit-breaker is like a safety switch.
It opens the path of electricity when there’s too much current.
Too much current means overheating or burning of wires.
When paired with an RCD, it adds protection from many types of faults. 🔥
Circuit-breakers often come in different models.
The NZM1 and NZM2 types are common in buildings and industry.
Each type works with RCDs and other safety features.

Understanding the ELR: External Residual Current Relay

ELR means External Residual Current Relay.
It works with a ring-shaped sensor around the wires.
This ring detects if current leaves the normal path.
The ELR sends a signal when it finds a fault. 📡
That signal can go to a control system or to a switch.
This makes the system safer and smarter.

Explaining the letters and numbers in the devices

NZM1(-4) is a family of circuit-breakers for lower currents (15 to 125 amps).
NZM2-4 works with higher currents (15 to 250 amps).
The number “30” in NZM1(-4)-XFI30(R)(U) means it trips at 30 milliamps.
The letter “R” stands for “Residual,” and “U” means it doesn’t depend on supply voltage.
IΔn (Delta I) is the amount of current that will trigger the device.
tv is the delay time in milliseconds.
AC is Alternating Current, and DC is Direct Current. ⚡

What is a Buchholz relay and where it comes from

The Buchholz relay is a protection tool used in oil-filled transformers.
It looks for gas bubbles or sudden oil movement inside the transformer.
This usually means there’s a short-circuit or internal fault.
The relay was invented by Max Buchholz in Germany in 1921.
He designed it to give an early warning of transformer problems.
Inside, the relay has floats and switches that respond to gas or oil shifts.
It sends a signal to disconnect the transformer and prevent disaster. 🧯

The role of auxiliary contacts: what HIV and S7 mean

Auxiliary contacts are small switches inside a bigger switch.
HIV is one type that closes a little earlier than the main contacts.
It helps make sure voltage is ready before the main switch closes.
S7 is another contact that helps trip a breaker when a transformer has a fault. 🔌
These contacts don’t carry much current, but they carry smart signals.
They work with the RCDs and breakers to manage timing and safety.

What is an undervoltage release (UVR)?

A UVR means Undervoltage Release.
It trips the breaker if the voltage becomes too low.
Low voltage can hurt motors or machines.
The UVR watches the voltage and reacts if it drops too far.
It uses special terminals (often called D1 and D2).
When connected to the right contacts, it stops the system safely. 🛑

How breakers interlock with each other

Interlock means “you can’t turn this on if something else is on.”
If one breaker is on, others stay off.
This avoids problems like power flowing the wrong way.
To do this, they connect with small helper contacts in a chain. ⛓️
Each breaker checks if the others are off before it closes.
This method is safe and very clear for technicians.

What is the test button (T)?

The test button simulates a fault.
When you press it, the device acts like there’s a real problem.
It checks if the RCD or breaker will trip.
This is important to know everything works. 🧪
Most test buttons are built into the front of the breaker.

Why engineers use contact labels like 6.13 or 1.14

Labels like 6.13 or 1.14 show where wires connect.
The first number is the block number, and the rest is the terminal.
For example, 6.13 means block 6, terminal 13.
These numbers help workers wire the system correctly. 🔢

Why these systems matter everywhere

These safety devices are not just for factories.
They protect homes, offices, hospitals, and more.
Electrical faults can happen anytime, anywhere.
These devices stop the damage before it gets serious. ✅
Every part works together to stop electricity when needed.
This keeps people, machines, and buildings safe. 🏢